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1300-1400 C. E. - Violent storms and rains destroyed crops leading to a killing famine in Europe. Bubonic plague kills one-third to one-half of European population. Church fathers begin to blame women (12)

1435 C. E. - surgeons formed own guild in England - women could practice midwifery, although it was held in poor repute - could be fined, imprisoned or sentenced to death if they displeased an influential patient or birthed a stillborn or deformed infant (13)

1478 C.E. - Bubonic Plague returns to Europe and kills one-third of remaining population (14)

1486 C. E.- Malleus Maleficarum published - detailed torture methods for “witches” (15) 

1400's C. E. to mid 1700's C. E. - tens to hundreds of thousands to millions of women, children, and gay men burned as “witches” or heretics - most witches were female healers and midwives who used herbs and other ointments to allay the effects of disease and childbirth

1518 C. E. - College of Physicians formed in England - defined “quackery” to include women who practiced sorcery and witchcraft (16)

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